Marshall L. Fisher

Marshall L. Fisher
  • UPS Professor
  • Professor of Operations, Information and Decisions

Contact Information

  • office Address:

    3730 Walnut Street
    542 Jon M. Huntsman Hall
    Philadelphia, PA 19104

Research Interests: retailing, supply chain management

Links: CV

Research

  • Marshall L. Fisher, Santiago Gallino, Jun Li, A Step-by-Step Guide to Real-Time Pricing in Harvard Business Review, November-December 2023. Abstract

    In today’s fast-paced world of digital retailing, the ability to revise prices swiftly and on a large scale has emerged as a decisive differentiator for companies. Many retailers now track competitors’ prices via systems that scrape rivals’ websites and use this information as an input to set their own prices manually or automatically. A common strategy is to charge X dollars or X percent less than a target competitor. However, retailers that use such simple heuristics miss significant opportunities to fine-tune pricing.

    Some companies are now applying machine-learning models to guide their pricing decisions, but even these retailers tend to take an overly limited approach. They try to match or undercut competitors’ prices without taking into account factors such as whether rivals are out of stock or how consumers make their purchasing decisions.

    In this article, we present a step-by-step process for dynamic pricing that focuses on building computer models that consider not just competitor pricing but also product availability and customer behavior to recommend optimal prices in real-time.

  • Marshall L. Fisher and Santiago Gallino, The Future of Retail Grocery Store Labor. Abstract

    We report here the results of a study to learn about the evolving store labor practices of leading (mostly grocery) retailers, including the current state of practice, what problems the retailers are struggling with currently, and implications for the industry. We first report on a series of interviews with senior executives at 15 grocery retailers and then present a tabulation of results of a written survey completed by 60 retail executives in 10 countries. An Appendix provides a survey of relevant published literature, the questionnaire sent to interviewees to guide our discussions with them, the written survey questions and a tabulation of survey responses segmented by U.S. retailers, non U.S. retailers and academics.

     

    There are three main insights from our study: 1) labor market conditions have been challenging in recent months, and this is not likely to change in the near future; 2) retailers need to rethink their approach to online grocery; and 3) thinking about labor as an asset to leverage rather than a cost to bear can be a way forward.

  • Marshall L. Fisher, Santiago Gallino, Jiaqi (Joseph) Xu (2019), The Value of Rapid Delivery in Omnichannel Retailing, Journal of Marketing Research. Abstract

    The authors study how faster delivery in the online channel affects sales within and across channels in omnichannel retailing. The authors leverage a quasi-experiment involving the opening of a new distribution center by a U.S. apparel retailer, which resulted in unannounced faster deliveries to western states through its online channel. Using a difference-in-differences approach, the authors show that online store sales increased on average by 1.45% per business day reduction in delivery time, from a baseline of seven business days. The authors also find a positive spillover effect to the retailer’s offline stores. These effects increase gradually in the short to medium term as the result of higher order count. The authors identify two main drivers of the observed effect: customer learning through service interactions with the retailer, and existing brand presence in terms of online store penetration rate and offline store presence. Customers with less online store experience are more responsive to faster deliveries in the short term, while experienced online store customers are more responsive in the long term.

    Related
    Links
  • Marshall L. Fisher, Santiago Gallino, Serguei Netessine, Retailers Are Squandering Their Most Potent Weapons in Harvard Business Review, January - February 2019. Abstract

    Instead of viewing salespeople as an expendable cost, store managers should treat them as an asset in their battle with e-tailers.

  • Marshall L. Fisher, Santiago Gallino, Serguei Netessine (2018), Does Online Training Work in Retail?, M&SOM. Abstract

    A knowledgeable retail sales associate (SA) can explain the features of available product variants and give the customer sufficient confidence in her choice or suggest alternatives so that she becomes willing to purchase. Although it is plausible that increasing an SA’s product knowledge will increase sales, training is not costless and turnover is high in retail, so most retailers provide little or no training. Thus, an important question is how much, if at all, does training increase an SA’s sales productivity? To answer this question, we partnered with Experticity, a firm that provides online, self-guided training modules for retail SAs, and Dillard’s, a leading department store chain whose more than 50,000 SAs had access to the Experticity modules. We assembled a data set of the training history and sales productivity of Dillard’s associates over a two-year period. We found that as SAs engaged in training over time, their sales rate increased by 1.8 percent for every online module taken, which is a much higher benefit than the direct or indirect costs associated with this training. We also found that willingness to engage in voluntary training was an indicator of raw talent; those SAs who engaged in training were 20 percent more productive prior to any training and 46 percent more productive after training than those who took no training. Surprisingly, brand-specific training did not significantly affect the sales of the focal brand but did improve overall sales of all brands. Our evidence of successful online learning may be of general interest given that, to date, analysis of massive open online courses has shown poor engagement by participants and questionable outcomes.

    Related
    Links
  • Marshall L. Fisher, Santiago Gallino, Serguei Netessine (2018), Setting Retail Staffing Levels: A Methodology Validated with Implementation, . Abstract

    We describe a three-step process that a retailer can use to set retail store sales staff levels. First, use historical data on revenue and planned and actual staffing levels by store to estimate how revenue varies with the staffing level at each store. We disentangle the endogeneity between revenue and staffing levels by focusing on randomly occurring deviations between planned and actual labor. Second, using historical analysis as a guide, we validate these results by changing the staffing levels in a few test stores. Finally, we implement the results chain-wide and measure the impact. We describe the successful deployment of this process with a large specialty retailer. We find that 1) the implementation validates predictions of the historical analysis, including the use of the variation between planned staffing and actual staffing as an exogenous shock, 2) implementation in 168 stores over a 6-month period produces a 4.5% revenue increase and a nearly $7.4 million annual profit increase, after accounting for the cost of the additional labor, and 3) the impact of staffing level on revenue varies greatly by store, and therefore staffing levels should also vary, with more sales staff relative to revenue assigned to those stores where sales staff have the greatest impact on revenue. Specifically, we found the largest impact of store labor in stores with the largest average basket sizes, located in regions with good growth potential, facing certain competitors (e.g., Wal-Mart), and run by long-serving managers.

    Related
    Links
  • Marshall L. Fisher, Santiago Gallino, Jun Li (2017), Competition-Based Dynamic Pricing in Online Retailing: A Methodology Validated with Field Experiments, Management Science. Abstract

    A retailer following a competition-based dynamic pricing strategy tracks competitors’ price changes and then must answer the following questions: (1) Should we respond? (2) If so, respond to whom? (3) How much of a response? (4) And on which products? The answers require unbiased measures of price elasticity as well as accurate estimates of competitor significance and the extent to which consumers compare prices across retailers. There are two key challenges to quantify these factors empirically: first, the endogeneity associated with almost any type of observational data, where prices are correlated with demand shocks observable to pricing managers but not to researchers, and second, the absence of competitor sales information, which prevents efficient estimation of a full consumer-choice model. We address the first issue by conducting a field experiment with randomized prices. We resolve the second issue by exploiting the retailer’s own and competitors’ stockouts as a source of variation to the consumer choice set, in addition to variations in competitors’ prices. We estimate an empirical model capturing consumer choices among substitutable products from multiple retailers. Based on the estimates, we propose and test a best-response pricing strategy through a carefully controlled live experiment that lasts five weeks. The experiment documents an 11 percent revenue increase while maintaining a margin above a retailer-specified target.

    Related
    Links
  • Andrés Catalán and Marshall L. Fisher (Draft), Assortment Allocation to Distribution Centers to Minimize Split Customer Orders.
  • Santiago Gallino, Antonio (Toni) Moreno-Garcia, Marshall L. Fisher (Working), Does Inventory Influence Demand? Exploring Billboard and Scarcity Effects.
  • Marshall L. Fisher and Ramnath Vaidyanathan (Working), A Demand Estimation Procedure for Retail Assortment Optimization with Results from Implementations. Related
  • All Research from Marshall L. Fisher »

Teaching

OID 673 Global Supply Chain Management 2020 1 Oct 2020OID 397-697 Retail Supply Chain Management Q3 2020

Past Courses

  • OIDD3970 - Retail Supp Chain Mgmt

    This course is highly recommended for students with an interest in pursuing careers in: (1) retailing and retail supply chains; (2) businesses like banking, consulting, information technology, that provides services to retail firms; (3) manufacturing companies (e.g. P&G) that sell their products through retail firms. Retailing is a huge industry that has consistently been an incubator for new business concepts. This course will examine how retailers understand their customers' preferences and respond with appropriate products through effective supply chain management. Supply chain management is vitally important for retailers and has been noted as the source of success for many retailers such as Wal-mart and Home Depot, and as an inhibitor of success for e-tailers as they struggle with delivery reliability. See M. L. Fisher, A. Raman and A. McClelland, "Rocket Science Retailing is Coming - Are You Ready?," Harvard Business Review, July/August 2000 for related research.

  • OIDD3990 - Supervised Study

    This course number is currently used for several course types including independent studies, experimental courses and Management & Technology Freshman Seminar. Instructor permission required to enroll in any independent study. Wharton Undergraduate students must also receive approval from the Undergraduate Division to register for independent studies. Section 002 is the Management and Technology Freshman Seminar; instruction permission is not required for this section and is only open to M&T students. For Fall 2020, Section 004 is a new course titled AI, Business, and Society. The course provides a overview of AI and its role in business transformation. The purpose of this course is to improve understanding of AI, discuss the many ways in which AI is being used in the industry, and provide a strategic framework for how to bring AI to the center of digital transformation efforts. In terms of AI overview, we will go over a brief technical overview for students who are not actively immersed in AI (topic covered include Big Data, data warehousing, data-mining, different forms of machine learning, etc). In terms of business applications, we will consider applications of AI in media, Finance, retail, and other industries. Finally, we will consider how AI can be used as a source of competitive advantage. We will conclude with a discussion of ethical challenges and a governance framework for AI. No prior technical background is assumed but some interest in (and exposure to) technology is helpful. Every effort is made to build most of the lectures from the basics.

  • OIDD6730 - Global Supply Chain Mgmt

    Several forces, ranging from technology that has dramatically reduced the cost of communication, to political developments such as the opening up of China, Vietnam, and Eastern Europe, have created an avalanche of outsourcing and offshoring and lead to supply chains that stretch halfway around the world. This course will study the many questions that arise in the management of such global supply chains, including: Which design and production activities to do in-house and which to outsource? Where to locate various activities around the world? How to forecast the many factors that influence these decisions, including inflation in cost factors such as labor and freight, and the likelihood of future government regulation or political instability? How to keep the supply chain flexible so as to adapt to change? How to manage a geographically disbursed supply chain, including what relationships to have with vendors to ensure low cost, high quality, flexibility, safety, humane labor practices and respect for sustainability of the environment? The course is highly interactive, using case discussions in most classes and senior supply chain executives in many sessions. Grades are based one-third each on class participation, individual write-ups of the discussion questions for 3 of the class sessions, and a course paper.

  • OIDD6970 - Retail Supp Chain Mgmt

    This course is highly recommended for students with an interest in pursuing careers in: (1) retailing and retail supply chains; (2) businesses like banking, consulting, information technology, that provides services to retail firms; (3) manufacturing companies (e.g. P&G) that sell their products through retail firms. Retailing is a huge industry that has consistently been an incubator for new business concepts. This course will examine how retailers understand their customers' preferences and respond with appropriate products through effective supply chain management. Supply chain management is vitally important for retailers and has been noted as the source of success for many retailers such as Wal-mart and Home Depot, and as an inhibitor of success for e-tailers as they struggle with delivery reliability. See M. L. Fisher, A. Raman and A. McClelland, "Rocket Science Retailing is Coming - Are You Ready?," Harvard Business Review, July/August 2000 for related research.

Awards And Honors

  • Institute for Operations Research and Management Science George E. Kimball Medal, in recognition of distinguished service to the profession of operations research and the management sciences, 2007
  • Production and Operations Management Society Fellow Award, 2005
  • Institute for Operations Research and Management Science Philip McCord Morse Lectureship Award, given in honor of Philip McCord Morse, MIT Professor and one of the founders of the field of Operations Research, 2005
  • The paper M. L. Fisher "The Lagrangian Relaxation Method for Solving Integer Programming Problems" published in Management Science in 1981 was voted by the membership of the Institute for Operations Research and Management Science as one of the ten most influential papers published in Management Science during its 50 year history, 2004
  • 13th Annual E. Leonard Arnoff Memorial Lecture on the Practice of Management Science, University of Cincinnati, 2004
  • Listed by ISI Web of Science Highly Cited as one of the 250 most cited researchers in economics and management, 2003
  • Institute for Operations Research and Management Science Fellow Award, 2002
  • Manufacturing and Service Operations Management Society Fellow Award, 2002
  • Listed in Who’s Who in the World, 2000
  • Wharton School MBA Core Curriculum Cluster Awards for Teaching Excellence, 1999
  • Wharton School MBA Core Curriculum Cluster Awards for Teaching Excellence, 1998
  • Wharton School MBA Core Curriculum Cluster Awards for Teaching Excellence, 1997
  • Wharton School MBA Core Curriculum Cluster Awards for Teaching Excellence, 1996
  • Wharton School MBA Core Curriculum Cluster Awards for Teaching Excellence, 1995
  • Elected to National Academy of Engineering, 1994
  • National Council of Physical Distribution Management E. Grosvenor Plowman award for the paper "Computers in Transportation: From Integration to Intelligence" (co-authored with R. Jaikumar), 1984
  • Institute of Management Science Edelman Prize, awarded to the best implementation of management science in that year, for developing and implementing a very large optimization system to control deliveries of liquid oxygen and nitrogen, 1983
  • Lanchester Prize awarded to the outstanding publication in the field of operations research in that year, for the paper "Location of Bank Accounts to Optimize Float: An Analytic study of Exact and Approximate Algorithms," Management Science 23 (coauthored with G. Cornuejols and G. L. Nemhauser), 1977

In the News

Knowledge @ Wharton

Activity

Latest Research

Marshall L. Fisher, Santiago Gallino, Jun Li, A Step-by-Step Guide to Real-Time Pricing in Harvard Business Review, November-December 2023.
All Research

In the News

How Dynamic Electricity Pricing Can Improve Market Efficiency

New research co-authored by Wharton's Arthur van Benthem demonstrates how consumers could benefit from aligning electricity prices with the cost of producing and distributing that power.Read More

Knowledge @ Wharton - 2024/11/12
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Awards and Honors

Institute for Operations Research and Management Science George E. Kimball Medal, in recognition of distinguished service to the profession of operations research and the management sciences 2007
All Awards